📖Troubleshooting

Wallet Recovery Troubleshooting

Recovering a Bitcoin wallet should be straightforward, but things can go wrong. This guide covers the most common problems and their solutions.

Before You Panic

Most "missing" Bitcoin isn't actually lost—it's usually a configuration issue. Work through this guide systematically before assuming the worst.

Problem: Wallet Shows Zero Balance After Recovery

This is the most common recovery issue. You enter your seed phrase correctly, but the wallet shows zero balance.

Cause 1: Wrong Derivation Path

Different wallet software uses different derivation paths. If you recover with the wrong path, you'll see different (empty) addresses.

Solution:

1. Check your original wallet's derivation path

   • BIP44 (Legacy): m/44'/0'/0' — Addresses start with 1
   • BIP49 (Nested SegWit): m/49'/0'/0' — Addresses start with 3
   • BIP84 (Native SegWit): m/84'/0'/0' — Addresses start with bc1q
   • BIP86 (Taproot): m/86'/0'/0' — Addresses start with bc1p

2. In Sparrow Wallet:

   • File → New Wallet
   • Enter your seed
   • Choose "Native SegWit" if your addresses started with bc1q
   • If still empty, try other script types

3. Common wallet defaults:

   Wallet	Default Path
   Ledger Live	BIP84 (bc1q)
   Trezor Suite	BIP84 (bc1q)
   Electrum	BIP84 (bc1q)
   Older wallets	BIP44 (Legacy)

Cause 2: Passphrase Required

If you set up a passphrase (25th word), the wallet will be empty without it.

Solution:

• Re-enter recovery with passphrase enabled
• In Sparrow: Check "Use passphrase" during wallet creation
• Try variations if you're unsure of exact passphrase

Case Sensitivity

Passphrases are case-sensitive. MyPassphrase and mypassphrase create different wallets.

Cause 3: Wrong Seed Phrase

Even one wrong word creates a completely different (empty) wallet.

Solution:

• Double-check each word against the BIP39 word list
• Common mistakes:
  • advice vs advise
  • letter vs latter
  • affect vs effect
• Try reading from your backup again, carefully

Cause 4: Not Enough Addresses Scanned

Wallets only check a certain number of addresses. If you used many addresses with gaps, funds might not be found.

Solution:

• Increase the "gap limit" in your wallet software
• In Sparrow: Wallet → Settings → Script Type → Increase gap limit
• Try scanning 100+ addresses

Problem: Different Addresses Than Expected

You recover successfully but the addresses don't match what you had before.

Check Script Type

Native SegWit vs Legacy vs Taproot:

Your Old Addresses Started With	Script Type to Select
1	Legacy (P2PKH)
3	Nested SegWit (P2SH-P2WPKH)
bc1q	Native SegWit (P2WPKH)
bc1p	Taproot (P2TR)

Check Account Number

Some wallets use multiple accounts under the same seed:

• Account 0: m/84'/0'/0'
• Account 1: m/84'/0'/1'
• Account 2: m/84'/0'/2'

If you used Account 1, recovering with Account 0 shows different addresses.

Solution in Sparrow:

1. When importing, click "Show Advanced"
2. Change the account number in the derivation path

Problem: Recovery Fails Completely

The wallet software rejects your seed phrase.

Invalid Checksum

If any word is wrong, the checksum fails.

Solution:

• Verify each word exists in BIP39 word list
• Check for similar words (see common mistakes above)
• Ensure you have the correct number of words (12, 15, 18, 21, or 24)

Wrong Word List Language

BIP39 has word lists in multiple languages (English, Spanish, Japanese, etc.). You must use the same language.

Solution:

• Most wallets use English
• If you created with non-English wallet, find matching word list

Problem: Only Some Funds Recovered

You recovered some Bitcoin but not all of it.

Multiple Address Types

You may have received Bitcoin to different address types:

• Some to Legacy addresses (start with 1)
• Some to SegWit addresses (start with bc1q)

Solution:

1. In Sparrow, create multiple wallets from same seed
2. One with Legacy script type
3. One with Native SegWit
4. Check balances in each

Multiple Accounts

Similar to above, funds may be in different accounts.

Solution:

• Create wallets with account numbers 0, 1, 2
• Check each for balances

Unconfirmed Transactions

Funds from unconfirmed transactions won't appear until confirmed.

Solution:

• Wait for confirmation
• Check transaction status on mempool.space

Problem: Hardware Wallet Shows Different Address

Your hardware wallet shows a different address than your software wallet.

Verification Mismatch

This is a critical security issue. Never send to an address your hardware wallet doesn't display.

Possible causes:

1. Malware modified the address in software
2. Wrong derivation path in software
3. Hardware wallet has different seed than expected

Solution:

1. Verify you're using the correct wallet file
2. Check derivation paths match
3. Re-pair hardware wallet with software
4. If still mismatched, DO NOT TRANSACT until resolved

Problem: Multisig Recovery Issues

Multisig wallets are more complex to recover.

Missing Wallet Descriptor

You need more than just seed phrases for multisig recovery:

• All participating public keys (xpubs)
• The wallet descriptor or configuration file
• Knowledge of M-of-N setup (e.g., 2-of-3)

Solution:

• Locate your backup of the wallet descriptor
• In Sparrow, you can import via File → Import Wallet → Descriptor

Wrong Cosigner Order

Multisig addresses depend on key ordering. Different order = different addresses.

Solution:

• Import using original wallet descriptor
• If manually recreating, match exact order of cosigners

Systematic Recovery Checklist

If you're stuck, work through this systematically:

• Verify seed phrase words against BIP39 list
• Check for passphrase requirement
• Try different script types (Legacy, SegWit, Taproot)
• Try different account numbers (0, 1, 2)
• Increase address gap limit to 100+
• Check multiple derivation paths
• Verify with a different wallet software
• If multisig, locate wallet descriptor

When to Seek Professional Help

Consider professional assistance if:

• You've exhausted all troubleshooting steps
• Significant funds are at stake
• You suspect hardware wallet malfunction
• You have partial seed phrase (some words missing)

Recovery Scams

Most "Bitcoin recovery services" are scams. See our Recovery Scams guide before contacting anyone. Never share your seed phrase with "helpers."

Prevention for the Future

Avoid recovery problems by:

1. Document everything

   • Which wallet software you used
   • Which derivation path
   • Whether you used a passphrase
   • Which script type (address format)

2. Test your backup

   • Verify your backup works before trusting it

3. Keep wallet descriptor backups

   • Especially for multisig setups

4. Use standard settings

   • Stick to defaults when possible
   • BIP84 (Native SegWit) is the current standard

Related Help

GuideBackup Verification

How to properly test your backup before you need it

WarningRecovery Scams

How to avoid scammers targeting people with lost Bitcoin

FAQLost Seed Phrase

What to do if you've actually lost your seed phrase